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/b/
|
bat, rubber
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b, bb
|
|
/c/
|
cat, duck, kite, chord, question, acclaim, folk, bouquet
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c, ck, k, ch, q, cc, lk, qu
|
|
/d/
|
dog, middle, filled
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d, dd, ed
|
|
/f/
|
fat, waffle, cough, phone, calf, often
|
f, ff, gh, ph, lf, ft
|
|
/g/
|
get, giggle, ghost, guest
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g, gg, gh, gu
|
|
/h/
|
hot, who
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h, wh
|
|
/j/
|
jug, edge, cage, gem, giraffe, gym, soldier, exaggerate
|
j, -dge, -ge, g (next to e, i, y), di, gg
|
|
/l/
|
let, hill
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l, ll
|
|
/m/
|
mat, mommy, thumb, autumn, palm
|
m, mm, mb, mn, lm
|
|
/n/
|
not, bunny, know, gnaw, pneumonia
|
n, nn, kn, gn, pn
|
|
/p/
|
pot, happy
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p, pp
|
|
/r/
|
rat, hurry, write, rhyme
|
r, rr, wr, rh
|
|
/s/
|
set, mess, horse, cent, city, cymbal, scene, psychology, listen
|
s, ss, se, c (next to e, i, y), sc, ps, st
|
|
/t/
|
tan, rattle, Thomas, jumped
|
t, tt, th, ed
|
|
/v/
|
van, have, of, Stephan
|
v, ve, f, ph
|
|
/w/
|
walk, whale, question, choir
|
w, wh, u, o
|
|
/x/
|
fox
|
x
|
|
/y/
|
yellow, opinion, hallelujah
|
y, i, j
|
|
/z/
|
zebra, buzz, amaze, rose, bends, scissors, xylophone
|
z, zz, ze, se, s, ss, x
|
|
/a/
|
apple, plaid
|
a, ai
|
|
/e/
|
elephant, bread, bury, friend, said, many, leopard
|
e, ea, u, ie, ai, a, eo
|
|
/i/
|
igloo, gym, England, women, busy, build, sieve
|
i, y, e, o, u, ui, ie
|
|
/o/
|
octopus, wash, all, honest
|
o, wa, a, ho
|
|
/u/
|
umbrella, won, enough, monkey, flood
|
u, “wo” can have a ‘wu” sound, ough, o, oo
|
|
Long a
|
rain, tray, eight, vein, bake, they, steak, apron, straight, gauge, croquet, where, their
|
ai, ay, eigh, ei, a-e, ey, ea, a, aigh, au, et, ere, eir
|
|
Long e
|
tree, meat, chief, be, happy, monkey, Pete, phoenix, people
|
ee, ea, ie, e, y, ey, e-e, oe, eo
|
|
Long i
|
bike, night, my, hi, tie, type, find, wild, buy, rye, aisle, island, height
|
i-e, igh, y, i, ie, y-e, ind , ild, uy, ye, ai, is, eigh
|
|
Long o
|
boat, bow, go, robe, gold, ghost, bolt, sew, though, chateau
|
oa, ow, o, o-e, old, ost, olt, ew, ough, eau
|
|
Long u
|
tube, grew, glue, boot, emu, soup, through, who, shoe, view, beauty, feud
|
u-e, ew, ue, oo, u, ou, ough, o, oe, iew, eau, eu
|
|
oo
|
book, could, put
|
oo, oul, u
|
|
ou
|
house, cow, bough
|
ou, ow, ough
|
|
oy
|
boy, oil
|
oy, oi
|
|
ar
|
star, heart
|
ar, ear
|
|
or
|
corn, snore, board, poor, pour
|
or, ore, oar, oor, our
|
|
er
|
her, turn first, heard, word, journey
|
er,ur, ir, ear, or, our
|
|
au
|
haul, taught, raw, cough, thought, ball
|
au, augh, aw, ou, ough, a
|
|
sh
|
shoe, chef, television, addition, ocean, sure, special, conscience
|
sh, ch, si, ti, ce, su, ci, sci
|
|
ch
|
chair, match, future, question, righteous
|
ch, -tch, tu, ti, te
|
|
th
|
moth
|
th
|
|
th
|
mother
|
th
|
|
nk
|
sank, sink, honk, hunk
|
nk
|
|
ng
|
sang, sing, song, sung, tongue
|
ng, ngue
|
Here are some phrases/words to bring to your child’s attention. Please go over a section each evening. These lists could go on and on, and there’s always exception to rules. . . .
Silent e makes the vowel say its name, not its sound:
cake Pete hide lone tube
Drop the silent e when adding a suffix that begins with a vowel, as in ed or ing, but NOT if the suffix begins with a consonant: hope, hoped, hoping, hopeful
On wh words, the h is silent: whale wheel whip
Tricky Question Words: who what where
when why how could should
would
On tch words the t is silent: catch hitch stretch
The “t” is there to touch the short vowel, otherwise we don’t need it:
march brunch inch crunch
Digraphs are 2 letters that make 1 sound: th, ch, sh, wh, ai, oa, oi, oy, ck, ee, ea, oo. ..
Blends make 2-3 sounds: br, cl, spl, sp, thr, squ, gl, pl. . . .
Bossy r ~ r next to a vowel controls the vowel: car corn
ir, ur, er makes the exact same sound! Her turn first!
ank - ink - onk - unk: tank think honk trunk
ang - ing - ong - ung: sang sing song sung
al sounds like “ol”: ball, fall, hall, tall, call, walk, talk, salt
wa: water, watch, want, wash, warm
Atypical long vowels: old (cold, gold) ind (find, blind) ild (wild, child) ost (ghost, most) olt (bolt, colt)
-dge is at the end of the word after 1 short vowel: judge, edge bridge (You don’t hear the d, but it’s there to touch the single short vowel. If it’s a long vowel word we don’t need the d: stage, huge. If there’s a consonant touching the vowel we don’t need the d: lunge, hinge)
c sounds like s next to e, i, and y: cent, city, cymbals
g sometimes sounds like j next to e, i, and y: gem, giraffe, gym
gu is hard: guest, guitar, guide
ie/ei: put i before e, except after c, or when sounded like long a as in neigbor or weigh
chief, ceiling, eight
Words never end with v alone: have, brave, believe
Past tense ed has 3 sounds: after t or d it makes the ed sound and makes the ed syllable: painted, wanted, crowded, sounded
- When the verb ends in a voiced sound other than /d/, the ending is pronounced as /d/. called, screamed, yelled, listened
- When the verb ends in a voiceless consonant other than /t/, the ending is pronounced as /t/. asked, laughed, fixed, bumped
oi/oy: boil, boy, spoil, joy
aw/au: thaw, taught, saw, author
oo/oo can make 2 different sounds: school, moose, book, cook
gh at end of words/ph: cough, telephone
ch can make 3 sounds: chase, Christmas, chef
silent letters: write, thumb, knife, gnaw. See my Fun With Silent Letters page!
sounds of y: yellow, sky, baby (ya at beginning of words, long i at end of 1 syllable words, long e at the end of 2 syllable words)
2 sounds of ow: snow, plow
ow/ou: ouch, clown
Double f, l, s: if the word has 1 syllable fluff, hill, mess (There are some exceptions, like bus, or when s sounds like z as in was, or f sounds like v as in of.)
Double final consonant: if the word has one syllable and ends in one consonant, and suffix starts with a vowel big, bigger, bigness fret, fretting, fretful
If the noun ends in s, ss, x, z, ch, sh, and there’s more than 1: add es
buses, benches, foxes, bushes, buzzes
If the noun/verb ends in y: change the y to i and add es or ed IF there is a consonant before the y
pennies, babies, carried, hurried, not when there is just a vowel touching the y: boys, plays
Final y after a vowel remains unchanged when adding any suffix: payed, payment, payable, BUT if there’s a consonant before the y change the y to i: pitiful, copied
If the noun ends in f: Change the f to v and add es
leaves, knives, but other times you don’t: fifes, roofs
Use ck at the end of 1 syllable words after one short vowel: clock, black, back deck
Possessives: When the noun is singular use ‘s ~ child’s ball, Meg’s dress If the noun is plural, use s’ as in boys’ room BUT if the plural form does NOT end in an s, use ‘s as in men’s room On personal pronouns you do not use an apostrophe as in his, her, their, but if the pronoun is an indefinite posessive pronoun use ‘s: one’s, everybody’s, anyone’s
Plural for Letters and Figures: Use ‘s ~ 8′s, t’s, dot all of your i’s
Suffix ful: ful has one l ~ joyful
Suffix ly: the base word spelling doesn’t end when ly is added ~ hopefully, safely, softly
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